Direct compression polymer tablet core

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a tablet core which comprises at least about 95% by weight of an aliphatic amine polymer. The invention also provides a method of producing a tablet core comprising at least about 95% by weight of an aliphatic amine polymer resin The method comprises the step of compressing the aliphatic amine polymer to form the tablet core. The tablet core can further include one or more excipients. In this embodiment, the method of producing the tablet core comprises the steps of: (1) hydrating the aliphatic amine polymer to the desired moisture level; (2) blending the aliphatic amine polymer with the excipients in amounts such that the polymer comprises at least about 95% by weight of the resulting blend; and (3) compressing the blend to form the tablet core. The present invention further relates to a coated tablet comprising an aliphatic amine polymer core wherein the coating is a water based coating.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.11/196,799, filed Aug. 3, 2005, which is a further continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 10/785,322, filed Feb. 24, 2004, which is acontinuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/691,429, filed Oct. 18,2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,733,780 issued on May 11, 2004, which claimsthe benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/160,258, filed Oct.19, 1999, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/174,227, filed Jan. 3,2000. These applications, in their entirety, are incorporated herein byreference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A number of polymeric materials having useful therapeutic activity havebeen described for treatment of various conditions such ashyperlipidemia and hyperphosphatemia. Many of these polymeric materialsfunction as non-absorbed ion exchange resins in the digestive tract.Such non-absorbed polymeric materials bind or otherwise sequester atarget molecule and facilitate its removal from the body via thegastrointestinal tract. Examples of such resins include: Colestipol andCholestyramine useful as orally administered cholesterol loweringagents; a variety of aliphatic amine polymers disclosed U.S. Pat. Nos.5,496,545 and 5,667,775 useful as phosphate binders particularly forremoving phosphate from patients suffering from renal failure; and otheraliphatic amine polymers disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,963, U.S. Pat.No. 5,679,717, WO98/29107 and WO99/22721 useful as cholesterol loweringagents.

Non-absorbed polymer therapeutics have traditionally presented a numberof formulation challenges as the dosages are generally very large (gramquantities), and the resins tend to be extremely hydrophilic. The mostdesirable formulation for oral delivery of a therapeutic is a directcompression tablet formulation. However, not all therapeutics,particularly given the high dose requirements of polymeric ion exchangetherapeutics, lend themselves to a tablet formulation. Even if suchmaterials could be rendered into a tablet, it is generally not possiblewithout the significant addition of other materials which assist in thetableting process. Ultimately the addition of any materials other thanthe active ingredient is undesirable given the dose requirement of theactive ingredient. Ideally the tablet should contain as much activeingredient as possible with little else in the way of additionalmaterials such that the tablet is as small as possible and easy toadminister to the patient.

In addition, once the polymeric materials are compressed into a tablet,the tablet requires a coating for ease of administration to the patient.It has been discovered that the core polymeric material tends to be veryhygroscopic, and thus will swell immediately upon contact with theinside of the mouth. Most coatings contain water, and thus it wasbelieved that coating such tablets with a water-based coating would beimpossible because the hygroscopic tablets would swell during thecoating process. Thus providing a tablet core comprising a hygroscopicmaterial such that a suitable coating may be used in conjunction withthat core, is another significant challenge to providing the polymericactive ingredient in tablet form.

There is a need to provide suitable dosage forms for polymeric ionexchange materials, particularly for hydrophilic aliphatic aminepolymers useful as therapeutic agents, which minimize the overall amountof material administered to the patient, which are easy to administerorally, and which are stable upon production and storage.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a tablet core which comprises at leastabout 95% by weight of an aliphatic amine polymer. In a preferredembodiment, the aliphatic amine polymer resin is a cross-linkedpolyallylamine resin. The aliphatic amine polymer is preferablyhydrated. The hydrated polymer can, for example, comprise from about 5%water by weight or greater.

The invention also provides a method of producing a tablet corecomprising at least about 95% by weight of an aliphatic amine polymerresin. The method comprises the step of compressing the aliphatic aminepolymer to form the tablet core. The tablet core can further include oneor more excipients. In this embodiment, the method of producing thetablet core comprises the steps of: (1) hydrating or drying thealiphatic amine polymer to the desired moisture level; (2) blending thealiphatic amine polymer with the excipients in amounts such that thepolymer comprises at least about 95% by weight of the resulting blend;and (3) compressing the blend to form the tablet core. The presentinvention further relates to a coated tablet wherein the coatingcomprises a water based coating.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The FIGURE is a table comprising data showing formulations and responsesfor sevelamer hydrochloride compressed tablet cores.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A number of polymeric materials having useful therapeutic activity havebeen discussed above. In particular, aliphatic amine polymers have beendisclosed which are useful in methods of lowering the serum phosphatelevel of a patient and lowering the serum cholesterol level of apatient. For example an epichorohydrin-cross-linked poly(allylaminehydrochloride) resin (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,496,545 and 5,667,775), alsoreferred to as sevelamer hydrochloride or sevelamer and marketed asRENAGEL®, has been shown to be effective at removing phosphate fromhuman patients suffering from renal failure. Therapeutically effectivedosages of sevelamer hydrochloride are large, typically on the order of4 to 6 grams per day. Consequently, development of a dosage form of thisand similar resins which minimizes the amount of excipient material isdesirable.

The present invention provides a tablet core comprising at least about95% by weight of an aliphatic amine polymer. The aliphatic amine polymerresin can be any of the aliphatic amine resins described in U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,496,545; 5,667,775; 5,624,963; 5,703,188; 5,679,717; 5,693,675,5,607,669; 5,618,530; 5,487,888; and 5,702,696, each of which is herebyincorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Other suitablealiphatic amine polymers are disclosed in U.S. Ser. Nos. 08/670,764;08/959,471, and 08/979,096, each of which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. In a particularly preferredembodiment, the aliphatic amine polymer is polyallylamine, polyvinylamine, poly(diallylamine) or poly(ethyleneimine) or a salt thereof witha pharmaceutically acceptable acid. The aliphatic amine polymer isoptionally substituted at one or more nitrogen atoms with an alkyl groupor a substituted alkyl group such as a trialkylammonioalkyl group. Thealiphatic amine polymer can optionally be cross-linked, for example viaa multifunctional monomer or a bridging group which connects two aminonitrogen atoms from two different polymer strands. In a preferredembodiment, the aliphatic amine polymer resin is hydrated. For sevelamerhydrochloride, in particular, the compressibility is strongly dependentupon the degree of hydration (moisture content) of the resin.Preferably, the resin has a moisture content of about 5% by weight orgreater, more preferably, the moisture content is from about 5% to about9% by weight, and most preferably about 7% by weight. It is to beunderstood that in embodiments in which the polymer resin is hydrated,the water of hydration is considered to be a component of the resin.Thus, in this embodiment, the tablet core comprises at least about 95%,preferably at least about 96%, and more preferably at least about 98% byweight of the hydrated polymer, including the water of hydration.

The tablet can further comprise one or more excipients, such ashardeners, glidants and lubricants, which are well known in the art.Suitable excipients include colloidal silicon dioxide, stearic acid,magnesium silicate, calcium silicate, sucrose, calcium stearate,glyceryl behenate, magnesium stearate, talc, zinc stearate and sodiumstearylfumarate. The excipients can represent from 0 to about 5% of thetablet core by weight.

The tablet core of the invention is prepared by a method comprising thesteps of: (1) hydrating or drying the aliphatic amine polymer to thedesired moisture level; (2) blending the aliphatic amine polymer withany excipients to be included in amounts such that the polymer comprisesat least about 95% by weight of the resulting blend; and (3) compressingthe blend using conventional tableting technology.

The invention also relates to a stable, swallowable coated tablet,particularly a tablet comprising a hydrophilic core, such as a tabletcomprising an aliphatic amine polymer, as described above. In oneembodiment, the coating composition comprises a cellulose derivative anda plasticizing agent. The cellulose derivative is, preferably,hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). The cellulose derivative can bepresent as an aqueous solution. Suitable hydroxypropylmethylcellulosesolutions include those containing HPMC low viscosity and/or HPMC highviscosity. Additional suitable cellulose derivatives include celluloseethers useful in film coating formulations. The plasticizing agent canbe, for example, an acetylated monoglyceride such as diacetylatedmonoglyceride. The coating composition can further include a pigmentselected to provide a tablet coating of the desired color. For example,to produce a white coating, a white pigment can be selected, such astitanium dioxide.

In one embodiment, the coated tablet of the invention can be prepared bya method comprising the step of contacting a tablet core of theinvention, as described above, with a coating solution comprising asolvent, at least one coating agent dissolved or suspended in thesolvent and, optionally, one or more plasticizing agents. Preferably,the solvent is an aqueous solvent, such as water or an aqueous buffer,or a mixed aqueous/organic solvent. Preferred coating agents includecellulose derivatives, such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Typically,the tablet core is contacted with the coating solution until the weightof the tablet core has increased by an amount ranging from about 4% toabout 6%, indicating the deposition of a suitable coating on the tabletcore to form a coated tablet.

In one preferred embodiment, the solids composition of the coatingsolution is:

Material % W/W HPMC low viscosity Type 2910, cUSP 38.5% HPMCE highviscosity Type 2910, cUSP 38.5% diacetylated monoglyceride 23.0%

Tablets may be coated in a rotary pan coater as is known in the art orany other conventional coating apparatus such as a column coater or acontinuous coater.

Astonishingly, it has been found that an aqueous coating dispersion issuitable as a coating solution for tablets comprising a hygroscopic, orwater-swellable substance, such as an aliphatic amine polymer tablet.For example, the coating composition provides a strong, elastic andmoisture-permeable coating without causing significant concomitantswelling of the tablet core during the coating process. In a preferredembodiment, the coating composition provides a tablet coating whichwithstands the swelling and contraction of sevelamer hydrochloridetablets during exposure to varying humidity levels and other knownstability tests. Further, the coating composition can be used to coatother aliphatic amine polymer tablets without excessive uptake by thetablet core of water from the coating solution during the coatingprocess.

The present invention also relates to the use of an aliphatic aminepolymer as a disintegrant in a tablet. In general, in this embodimentthe aliphatic amine polymer is not the active ingredient in the tablet,but is added to the tablet to enhance the rate of disintegration of thetablet following administration. This allows a more rapid release of theactive agent or agents. The tablet will generally include the aliphaticamine polymer, one or more active ingredients, such as therapeuticagents (medicaments), and, optionally, one or more additionalexcipients.

The aliphatic amine polymer can be one of the aliphatic amine polymersdisclosed above, such as polyethyleneimine, polyvinylamine,polyallylamine, polydiallylamine or any of the aliphatic amine polymersdisclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,496,545 and 5,667,775 and U.S. Ser. Nos.08/777,408 and 08/964,498, the teachings of each of which areincorporated herein by reference. In one embodiment, the aliphatic aminepolymer is a cross-linked polyallylamine or a salt thereof with apharmaceutically acceptable acid. Preferably, the aliphatic aminepolymer is an epichlorohydrin-cross-linked polyallylamine or saltthereof with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid, such as sevelamer orsevelamer hydrochloride.

The tablet which includes an aliphatic amine as a disintegrant will,generally, include a sufficient amount of the aliphatic amine polymer toeffectively enhance the rate of tablet disintegration under conditionsof use. For example, if the tablet is an oral dosage form and it isdesired that the tablet disintegrate in the stomach of the patient, thetablet should include a sufficient amount of the polymer to enhance thedisintegration rate of the tablet under the conditions encountered inthe stomach. The appropriate amount of the polymer to be included in thetablet can be determined by one skilled in the art using known methods.Typically, the polymer, the active ingredient or ingredients and anyadditional fillers or excipients are combined by mixing, and theresulting mixture is compressed to form a tablet using conventionalmethods. The tablet core formed in this way can then be coated, forexample, as described above, or by other methods and other coatingcompositions which are known in the art and suitable for the intendeduse of the tablet.

In one embodiment, the tablet which includes an aliphatic amine polymeras a disintegrant is intended for administration in vivo, for example,to a patient, such as a human. Preferably, the tablet is intended to beadministered orally. In this embodiment, the active ingredient oringredients will be a therapeutic or diagnostic agent. The tablet canalso be intended for use in vitro, for example, to deliver an activeingredient to an aqueous environment, such as a swimming pool.

The invention will now be described in detail by reference to thefollowing examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation and Characterization of 400 mg and 800 mgSevelamer Hydrochloride Direct Compression Tablet Cores

Preparation of Tablet Cores

400 mg sevelamer hydrochloride tablet cores were prepared from a blendconsisting of 5000.0 g sevelamer hydrochloride, 50.0 g colloidal silicondioxide, NF (Aerosil 200) and 50.0 g stearic acid. The sevelamerhydrochloride was hydrated to moisture content of 6% by weight. Theblend was prepared by passing the sevelamer hydrochloride and colloidalsilicon dioxide through a #20 mesh screen, transferring the mixture to a16 quart PK blender and blending for five minutes. The stearic acid wasthen passed through an oscillator equipped with a #30 mesh screen,transferred into the 16 quart PK blender and blended for five minuteswith the sevelamer hydrochloride/colloidal silicon dioxide mixture. Theresulting blend was discharged into a drum and weighed. The final blendwas then compressed on a 16 station Manesty B3B at 4 tons pressure using0.280″×0.620″ punches to give tablet cores with an average weight of 434mg. The resulting tablets consisted of 425 mg 6% hydrated sevelamerhydrochloride (equivalent to 400 mg anhydrous sevelamer hydrochloride),4.25 mg colloidal silicon dioxide and 4.25 mg stearic acid.

800 mg sevelamer hydrochloride tablet cores were prepared from 19.0 kgsevelamer hydrochloride, 0.19 kg colloidal silicon dioxide, and 0.19 kgstearic acid. The sevelamer hydrochloride had a moisture content of 6%by weight. The blend was prepared by passing the sevelamer hydrochlorideand colloidal silicon dioxide through a #20 mesh screen, transferringthe mixture to a PK blender and blending for five minutes. The stearicacid was then passed through an oscillator equipped with a #30 meshscreen, transferred into the PK blender and blended for five minuteswith the sevelamer hydrochloride/colloidal silicon dioxide mixture. Theresulting blend was then discharged into a drum and weighed. The finalblend was then compressed in on a 16 station Manesty B3B at 4 tonspressure using 0.3125″×0.750″ punches to give tablets with an averageweight of 866 mg. The resulting tablets consisted of 850 mg 6% hydratedsevelamer hydrochloride (equivalent to 800 mg anhydrous sevelamerhydrochloride), 8.0 mg colloidal silicon dioxide and 8.0 mg stearicacid.

Characterization of Tablet Cores

The tablets prepared as described above were white to off-white, ovalshaped, compressed tablets. The variation of the tablets prepared fromeach blend with respect to weight, thickness, friability, hardness,disintegration time and density was assessed. Standard methods in theart were employed for each of the measurements. The results, (notshown), indicate that the hardness, friability, thickness, anddisintegration behavior of the sevelamer hydrochloride tablets all metindustry-standard criteria.

Example 2 Coating of Sevelamer Hydrochloride Tablet Cores

Compressed core tablets prepared as described in Example 1 were coatedin a coating pan with an aqueous coating solution having a solidscomposition comprising:

Material % W/W HPMC low viscosity Type 2910, cUSP 38.5% HPMCE highviscosity Type 2910, cUSP 38.5% diacetylated monoglyceride 23.0%

The coating solution was applied to the compressed cores until a weightgain of approximately 4 to 6% was achieved. Stability studies—controlledroom temperature, accelerated conditions, freeze/thaw andphotosensitivity—for the coated sevelamer hydrochloride tablets wereconducted in accordance with those procedures known in the art anddescribed in the following references: International Committee onHarmonization (ICH) guidance “Q1A-Stability Testing of New DrugSubstances and Products” (June 1997); ICH “Q1B-Guidelines for thePhotostability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products” (November1996); and ICH guidance “Q1C-Stability Testing for New Dosage Forms”(November 1996. The results (not shown) indicate that the coated tabletsall met industry standard criteria.

Example 3 Factors Affecting the Processing and PerformanceCharacteristics of Compressed Tablets (Prior to Coating)

In order to maintain consistently acceptable compressed tablet on a perbatch basis, a number of correlative tests were performed in order todetermine which factors most strongly impact the quality and integrityof the tablets. Studies such as weight variation, tablet hardness,friability, thickness, disintegration time, among others are known tothose skilled in the art and are described in the United StatesPharmacopeia (U.S.P.). “Hardness” means the measure of the force(measured herein in Newtons) needed to fracture a tablet when suchtablet is placed lengthwise on a Hardness Tester. “Friability” is themeasure of the mechanical strength of the tablet needed to withstand therolling action of a coating pan and packaging. It is measured using afriabiliator. “Thickness” is the measure of the height of the tabletusing a micrometer. “Disintegration Time” is the time necessary for thetablet to break apart in an appropriate solution at 37° C. and ismeasured in minutes.

Attainment of appropriate hardness (150-170 N hardness range) andfriability (no more than 0.8%) is important to the success of theformulation. Having tablets with high hardness and low friability isparticularly important when the tablets are to be coated as is the casewith sevelamer hydrochloride tablets.

The FIGURE provides a table listing several different sevelamerhydrochloride tablet core formulations that vary by a number of factorsincluding (actual) moisture content, and compression force used,excipient content among other variations. The data in

The FIGURE indicates that the most important factor affecting theprocessing and performance characteristics of compressed tablets is themoisture content. All formulations provided good flow with little weightvariation throughout the entire range of compositions. In addition,disintegration times were less than 5 minutes across the range ofcompositions. Thus, it appears that moisture content and compressionforce provide the most appropriate factors on which to establishoperating ranges for hardness and friability.

EQUIVALENTS

While this invention has been particularly shown and described withreferences to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood bythose skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may bemade therein without departing from the spirit and scope of theinvention as defined by the appended claims.

1. A compressed tablet comprising: a hydrophilic core, comprising atleast or about 95 wt. % poly(allylamine) or a salt thereof with apharmaceutically acceptable acid, and a water-based coating, comprisinga cellulose derivative and a plasticizing agent.
 2. The compressedtablet of claim 1, wherein the poly(allylamine) or salt thereof iscross-linked.
 3. The tablet of claim 2, wherein the poly(allylamine) orsalt thereof is cross-linked with epichlorohydrin.
 4. The tablet ofclaim 1, wherein the poly(allylamine) is hydrated.
 5. The tablet ofclaim 1, wherein the poly(allylamine) comprises a moisture content ofabout 5 wt. % or greater.
 6. The tablet of claim 1, wherein thepoly(allylamine) comprises a moisture content of about 5 wt. % to about9 wt %.
 7. The tablet of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic core is alinear or cross-linked poly(allylamine) or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof.
 8. The tablet of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic core isa hydrated cross-linked poly(allylamine hydrochloride).
 9. The tablet ofclaim 1, wherein the water-based coating compriseshydroxypropylmethylcellulose and a plasticizer.
 10. The tablet of claim1, wherein the water-based coating compriseshydroxypropylmethylcellulose low viscosity, hydroxypropylmethylcellulosehigh viscosity, and diacetylated monoglyceride.
 11. The tablet of claim1, wherein the tablet comprises one or more excipients.
 12. The tabletof claim 2, wherein the poly(allylamine) or salt thereof is sevelamerhydrochloride.
 13. A compressed tablet, comprising a hydrophilic coreand a water-based coating, the core consisting essentially of: i)poly(allylamine) or a salt thereof; and ii) one or more excipients,wherein the total amount of excipients is from 0 wt. % to about 5 wt. %of the tablet core.
 14. A method of removing phosphate from a patient inneed thereof, comprising administering to said patient a tabletcomprising a hydrophilic core and a water-based coating, the coreconsisting essentially of: i) poly(allylamine) or a salt thereof; andii) one or more excipients, wherein the total amount of excipients isfrom 0 wt. % to about 5 wt. % of the tablet core.
 15. The method ofclaim 14, wherein the poly(allylamine) or salt thereof is cross-linked.16. The method of claim 14, wherein the poly(allylamine) is hydrated.17. The method of claim 14, wherein the water-based coating comprises acellulose derivative and a plasticizing agent.
 18. The method of claim14, wherein the water-based coating compriseshydroxypropylmethylcellulose and a plasticizer.
 19. The method of claim14, wherein the water-based coating compriseshydroxypropylmethylcellulose low viscosity, hydroxypropylmethylcellulosehigh viscosity, and diacetylated monoglyceride.
 20. The tablet of claim1, wherein the poly(allylamine) comprises a moisture content of about 7wt. %.